I admit that I’m totally charmed by orcas. But I know I’m not alone. What is it about those glossy black and white creatures? Do we see in them a reflection of us? Is our bond with orcas more apparent than with other animals?
I guess it doesn’t hurt that orcas are essentially big dolphins — very big (think of the difference between a smart car and two tractor-trailers). Orcas are social creatures, interacting with each other in complex and fascinating ways. And just as with dolphins, people report uncanny stories of connecting and interrelating with them.
Not surprisingly, American Indian and First Nation tribes revere orcas. And it seems that every camera- and cell phone-toting eco-tourist on the West Coast can’t get enough of them–they’re practically celebrities. More than 400,000 people went whale watching in the waters off Washington State and British Columbia in 2014 alone.
Orcas can be found in oceans across the world. Though they’re beloved, the orcas that live off our U.S. Pacific coastline — the Southern Resident Killer Whales — are endangered. How can that be? Good question…
These particular whales are part of one big clan living in three pods: J, K and L. They organize their society along matrilineal lines. Yep, each family centers on mom — or more often, on the pod’s grandmother or great-grandmother. (In fact, J Pod’s granny is estimated to be 104 years old.)
They also talk — and each pod has a unique language. Just as we can tell the difference between a Texan and a Bostonian, scientists can tell the difference between groups of orcas.
They celebrate. All three pods acknowledge each other, lining up as families when they come back into the Salish Sea.
And just like some of us, they’re picky eaters. Orcas eat only what mom eats, which means almost nothing but salmon — 97 percent of their diet — but not just any salmon. They prefer the biggest and fattest of them all — the Chinook. These orcas move with the salmon, hugging the inland waters of Washington State to southern British Columbia from spring to fall. In winter, they expand their range south to California and north to Southeast Alaska.
Yet they face a major problem — a lack of food. The mighty rivers of the West — including the Columbia Snake River watershed, a key source of Chinook — have been broken. Though the Columbia Snake once brought salmon all the way from inland northern Nevada to the Pacific Ocean, today it is full of dams. The four lower Snake River dams kill millions of Chinook juveniles every year as they attempt to migrate downriver to the ocean.
In the course of just a few decades, Southern Resident orcas went from gorging on a salmon-rich buffet to searching for some measly leftovers. As of early August 2015, there are 81 Southern Resident orcas. Four of these are calves born in the past six months. No calf has survived in the past two and a half years, though so these newest “little ones” aren’t out of the woods yet. Mortality rates for first-born calves are in the 37-50 percent range. And many more of these orcas have died than survived (21 from 2010-2014). The Southern Resident population is moving in the wrong direction.
Scientists had pinned their hopes on Rhapsody (J32), who had just reached mom-age at 18- years-old, to help her whole extended family grow. But in December 2014, hearts were broken when Rhapsody died carrying a nearly full-term female baby.
A scientist who has studied these pods for 40 years surmised that Chinook salmon were so scarce that Rhapsody relied on her own blubber to keep her going. But as she tapped into that blubber, toxins stored there (called bioaccumulation) were released, harming her immune and reproductive systems. Her passing renews concerns about the fate of this whole population.
While whale lovers and Rhapsody’s family grieve for her, we have a chance to turn this sad story around. We can commit to save this extended family in time. The solution isn’t just great for orcas, it is also great for people, salmon and all the species that rely on them. The solution has the added benefit of being extremely cool — like a Die Hard movie cool.
Stay tuned for Part 3 of this blog, “Those Dammed Salmon–Set them Free!”
Read Part 1–Making a Connection: Salmon as Networker
1 comment on “Hungry, Hungry Whales”
An interesting item to read is a Professional Paper published in 1986 by Dr. D Chapman; titled ‘Salmon and Steelhead Abundance in the Columbia River in the Nineteenth Century.’
Figure #1 of this Paper shows a graph of ‘Total Catches of Chinook Salmon in the Columbia Riverm 1868-1966.’
This Figure shows that the ‘Maximum Catch’ of approximately 20 Million Kilograms was made in 1883; and by 1960 the ‘Annual Catch’ had diminished to approximately 2 Million Kilograms; approximately ten (10) percent of the 1883 Catch.
This significant decrease in the Catch occurred before the construction of the Four Lower Snake River Dams; so therefore they could not have entered into the equation for this significant decrease in Catch.
Is the real culprit here ‘over-fishing,’ or perhaps something else as well?
It appears to be much more than just the Four Lower Snake River Dams.